Cardiovascular diseases remain one of the leading causes of illness and mortality worldwide. When heart-related symptoms arise, such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or unexplained fatigue, medical professionals often rely on a combination of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures to evaluate and treat the condition. Two commonly performed procedures are the angiogram and angioplasty. Though often mentioned together, these are distinctly different. Understanding the difference between angiogram and angioplasty is crucial for patients preparing for heart-related investigations or treatment.
Understanding the difference between angiogram and angioplasty
What is an angiogram
An angiogram, also known as angiography, is a diagnostic imaging test used to visualise blood vessels in the body, particularly the coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle.Key points:
- A catheter (a thin, flexible tube) is inserted into a blood vessel, usually through the wrist or groin.
- A special contrast dye is injected through the catheter to make the blood vessels visible on X-ray images.
- The procedure helps detect narrowing, blockages, aneurysms, or other vascular abnormalities.
- It is typically recommended when symptoms suggest
coronary artery disease or after abnormal results from ECGs, stress tests, or echocardiograms.
Why it’s done:
- To investigate unexplained chest pain or shortness of breath.
- To confirm or rule out coronary artery disease (CAD).
- To plan further treatment, such as angioplasty or bypass surgery.
According to Healthline, angiograms are considered the gold standard for evaluating blood flow in the heart and determining the next steps in treatment.
What is angioplasty
Angioplasty, or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), is a minimally invasive treatment used to open narrowed or blocked arteries. Unlike angiograms, which only diagnose the issue, angioplasty actively restores blood flow.Key points:
- A balloon-tipped catheter is guided to the blocked artery.
- The balloon is inflated to compress the plaque against the artery walls, widening the vessel.
- In most cases, a stent (a small mesh tube) is then placed to keep the artery open long-term.
- Performed under local anaesthetic, angioplasty typically takes longer than an angiogram and requires a short hospital stay for observation.
When is it performed?
- If a blockage is found during an angiogram, angioplasty can often be performed immediately in the same session.
- It is also used in emergency situations such as heart attacks, where restoring blood flow promptly is critical.
What happens during each procedure
During an angiogram:
- You’ll lie on an X-ray table in a catheterisation lab.
- A small incision is made in your wrist or groin area.
- A catheter is inserted into the artery and guided to the coronary arteries.
- Contrast dye is injected, and X-ray images are taken.
- The catheter is removed, and pressure is applied to prevent bleeding.
During angioplasty:
- The cardiologist inserts a similar catheter but with a balloon tip.
- Once at the blockage, the balloon is inflated to push plaque aside.
- A stent is often deployed to keep the artery open.
- The balloon and catheter are removed, and the puncture site is closed.
- You may need to rest in hospital overnight and start antiplatelet medication to prevent clotting.
According to Verywell Health after an angiogram:
- You may go home the same day.
- Avoid strenuous activity for 24-48 hours.
- Monitor the puncture site for signs of infection or bleeding.
- Resume most activities within a day or two.
After angioplasty:
- You may stay in hospital overnight for observation.
- Medications will include blood thinners, statins, and sometimes beta-blockers.
- Lifestyle changes are essential: healthy eating, quitting smoking, regular exercise, and weight management.
- A follow-up appointment and possibly cardiac rehabilitation will be arranged.
Common risks and complications
Angiogram risks:
- Minor bruising or bleeding at the catheter site
- Allergic reaction to the contrast dye
- Rarely, kidney function issues in vulnerable patients
Angioplasty risks:
- Re-narrowing of the treated artery (restenosis)
- Blood clots forming in the stent
- Damage to the blood vessel
- Heart attack or stroke (rare but possible)
Both procedures are generally safe and performed routinely, with strict protocols in place to reduce complications.
Sequence: does angiogram come before angioplasty
Yes, according to Healthline, angiography typically precedes angioplasty. If the angiogram reveals significant narrowing warranting immediate treatment, clinicians may proceed with angioplasty in the same session, provided the patient is prepared
When are these procedures recommended
Angiogram:
- When non-invasive tests (e.g. treadmill test, CT angiogram) suggest coronary issues
- When chest pain is unexplained and persistent
- Before major surgery in high-risk cardiac patients
Angioplasty:
- When a significant blockage is identified that restricts blood flow
- When a patient has had a heart attack
- In patients with angina not managed by medication alone
What to ask your doctor before the procedure
Why is this procedure being recommended for me?What are the potential outcomes?Are there any alternatives to angioplasty?Will I need a stent?How long will I be off work or driving?What medications will I need afterwards?Understanding these points helps you feel more in control of your health decisions.
Lifestyle tips for long-term
After undergoing either an angiogram or angioplasty, it’s crucial to commit to heart-healthy habits to prevent future issues:
- Eat a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats.
- Avoid processed foods, excess salt, and trans fats.
- Exercise at least 150 minutes per week (as advised by your GP or cardiologist).
- Maintain a healthy weight and monitor cholesterol levels.
- Quit smoking and limit alcohol consumption
- Manage stress through mindfulness, therapy, or support groups.
These measures not only support your recovery but also reduce the risk of future cardiovascular events.Also read | Why are women more prone to bunions: Know its causes, risk factors, and prevention tips
